How child hunger weakens vaccine effectiveness against measles
Child undernutrition is a silent crisis affecting millions of children globally. Beyond its visible impact on growth and development, new research shows that it may also contribute to the resurgence of infectious diseases like measles, even among fully vaccinated children.
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection that causes symptoms such as fever, rash, and cough.
While vaccination has proven effective in preventing the disease, measles remains a global health threat, particularly in areas with low vaccination coverage or weakened immunity.
This link between undernutrition and weakened immunity highlights the critical need to address child hunger as part of the global effort to curb measles outbreaks.
According to statistics, undernutrition contributes to nearly 45% of childhood deaths related to measles.
The role of undernutrition in measles outbreaks
A groundbreaking study conducted by researchers from McGill University, UC Berkeley School of Public Health and the University of Pretoria, sheds light on how undernutrition weakens vaccine protection.
The study involved over 600 fully vaccinated children in South Africa and measured their antibody levels over time.
Key findings include:
- Children who were stunted by age three had 24% lower measles antibody levels by age five compared to their peers with normal growth.
- Undernourished children were more likely to experience a shorter duration of vaccine-induced immunity, leaving them vulnerable to measles infection despite vaccination.
These findings, published in the “Vaccine” journal suggest that undernutrition not only affects a child’s physical growth but also compromises their immune system’s ability to respond effectively to vaccines.
According to Jonathan Chevrier, senior author and an associate professor in McGill’s Department of Epidemiology, “Addressing child hunger could be a key piece of the puzzle in preventing viral outbreaks.”
South Africa is among the countries grappling with high rates of child undernutrition, particularly in rural and underserved areas.
The consequences of undernutrition go beyond measles. Malnourished children are at a significantly higher risk of respiratory infections, diarrhoea, stunting, malaria and other diseases.
Even seemingly mild illnesses can have long-term effects on a child’s physical and cognitive development.
According to Brian Ward, a professor in McGill University's Department of Medicine, global measles cases declined significantly from 2000 to 2016, but the trend reversed in 2018.
The situation has worsened since the Covid-19 pandemic disrupted vaccination programs and healthcare systems.
“Measles is now making a strong comeback in many parts of the world despite being preventable with vaccination and adequate immunity,” Ward said.
Preventing measles outbreaks requires more than just vaccination. While vaccines remain the cornerstone of disease prevention, addressing the underlying factors that weaken immunity is equally critical.
Combating child hunger
Improving nutrition for children under five is essential to bolster their immune systems and prolong the effectiveness of vaccines like the measles shot.
Programs focused on providing nutrient-rich meals and supplements can make a significant difference.
Raising awareness
Public health campaigns should educate communities about the importance of both vaccination and proper nutrition. Parents and caregivers need to understand that vaccines alone cannot fully protect children if malnutrition is present.
As climate change exacerbates food shortages and disease outbreaks, vulnerable populations, particularly children, are at even greater risk.
Retired scholar Professor Brenda Eskenazi of public health at UC Berkeley emphasised the need to tackle these difficulties, saying, "We need to vaccinate children against preventable diseases and ensure their protection. This is especially important now, given that many known diseases are expected to spread with climate change.”
UNICEF and WHO recommend incorporating a variety of nutrient-rich foods into children's diets to combat malnutrition effectively; these include:
Dark leafy greens: Spinach, kale, and Swiss chard, are rich in iron and vitamins.
Seasonal local fruits: Mangoes, bananas, and guavas, offer essential vitamins and minerals.
Whole grains and maize meal: These provide vital carbohydrates and fibre that are staples in many South African diets.
Legumes and pulses: Lentils, black beans, kidney beans, and chickpeas, are excellent protein sources.
An array of animal products: Chicken, beef, fish (especially fatty varieties) and eggs deliver high-quality proteins and essential nutrients.
Dairy: Milk and yoghurt enhance gut health while supplying calcium and protein.
Traditional foods: Pumpkin and sweet potatoes are high in essential beta-carotene and can be incorporated easily into various dishes.
Incorporating these foods into daily diets can help address malnutrition and improve overall health in South Africa. It is essential to focus on a balanced diet that includes a variety of these foods to ensure that all essential nutrients are consumed.